WESSINGTON SPRINGS — The Kimball/White Lake/Platte-Geddes wrestling team was ranked No. 8 in this week’s Class B dual rankings. On Thursday the squad looked very solid defeating Wessington Springs/Woonsocket/Wolsey-Wessington (66-11), Warner/Northwestern (63-21) and Howard (69-15) at the Wessington Springs/Woonsocket/Wolsey-Wessington quadrangular.

Miller/Highmore-Harrold earned a pair of wins at the Miller/Highmore-Harrold triangular. MHH defeated Faulkton Area 45-18 and Mobridge-Pollock 63-12. 

Weather did cause a number of cancellations Tuesday including a big event in the Lake Preston School District where Canton, Custer McCook Central/Montrose and Tri-Valley were to duel.

Thursday, Jan. 11 Complete Wrestling Results: 

Wessington Springs/Woonsocket/Wolsey-Wessington Quad

Kimball/White Lake/Platte-Geddes 66, Wessington Springs/Woonsocket/Wolsey-Wessington 11

175: Garret Westendorf (KWLP) over Payton Walz (WSWW) (Fall 3:03) 

190: Chris Baas (KWLP) over (WSWW) (For.) 

215: Holden Havlik (WSWW) over Dalton Deffenbaugh (KWLP) (TF 17-1 5:14) 

285: Trea Henderson (KWLP) over (WSWW) (For.) 

106: Hayes Holter (KWLP) over Chase Dunsmore (WSWW) (Fall 1:25) 

113: Jacksen Carter (WSWW) over Vincent Lenz (KWLP) (Dec 5-1) 

120: Kasen Konstanz (KWLP) over Kaydin Carter (WSWW) (Fall 1:42) 

126: Gavin Braun (KWLP) over Aston Hill (WSWW) (Fall 1:19) 

132: Johnny Lenz (KWLP) over Hayes Christensen (WSWW) (Fall 1:20) 

138: Carson Finn (WSWW) over Tate Surat (KWLP) (Dec 2-1) 

144: Iden Myers (KWLP) over (WSWW) (For.) 

150: Carter Konechne (KWLP) over (WSWW) (For.) 

157: Kenyon Kuiper (KWLP) over (WSWW) (For.) 

165: Lucas Lenz (KWLP) over Tyson Eddy (WSWW) (Fall 3:30)

Kimball/White Lake/Platte-Geddes 63, Warner/Northwestern 21

165: Lucas Lenz (KWLP) over Dustin Dirksen (WANO) (Fall 3:44) 

175: Garret Westendorf (KWLP) over Chays Mansfield (WANO) (Dec 6-2) 

190: Alex Pudwill (WANO) over Chris Baas (KWLP) (Fall 1:03) 

215: Preston Cavalier (WANO) over Dalton Deffenbaugh (KWLP) (Fall 0:48) 

285: Brayden Satter (WANO) over Trea Henderson (KWLP) (Fall 0:33) 

106: Hayes Holter (KWLP) over Lane Shanley (WANO) (Fall 0:44) 

113: Vincent Lenz (KWLP) over (WANO) (For.) 

120: Kasen Konstanz (KWLP) over (WANO) (For.) 

126: Gavin Braun (KWLP) over (WANO) (For.) 

132: Johnny Lenz (KWLP) over Austin Vetter (WANO) (Fall 1:06) 

138: Tate Surat (KWLP) over (WANO) (For.) 

144: Iden Myers (KWLP) over (WANO) (For.) 

150: Carter Konechne (KWLP) over (WANO) (For.) 

157: Charlie Dulany (WANO) over Kenyon Kuiper (KWLP) (Dec 13-7)

Kimball/White Lake/Platte-Geddes 69, Howard 15

190: Gabriel Martian (HOWA) over Chris Baas (KWLP) (Fall 1:45) 

215: Dalton Deffenbaugh (KWLP) over Thomas Halverson (HOWA) (Fall 3:44) 

285: Trea Henderson (KWLP) over (HOWA) (For.) 

106: Hayes Holter (KWLP) over Kingsten Feldhaus (HOWA) (Fall 0:45) 

113: Vincent Lenz (KWLP) over (HOWA) (For.) 

120: Kasen Konstanz (KWLP) over (HOWA) (For.) 

126: Gavin Braun (KWLP) over (HOWA) (For.) 

132: Johnny Lenz (KWLP) over (HOWA) (For.) 

138: Tate Surat (KWLP) over (HOWA) (For.) 

144: Iden Myers (KWLP) over (HOWA) (For.) 

150: Tate Miller (HOWA) over Carter Konechne (KWLP) (Dec 7-1) 

157: Jackson Remmers (HOWA) over Kenyon Kuiper (KWLP) (Fall 0:56) 

165: Lucas Lenz (KWLP) over Weston Remmers (HOWA) (Dec 5-4) 

175: Garret Westendorf (KWLP) over Nolan Mentele (HOWA) (Fall 3:15)

Howard 34, Warner/Northwestern 30

175: Nolan Mentele (HOWA) over Chays Mansfield (WANO) (Fall 1:00) 

190: Alex Pudwill (WANO) over Gabriel Martian (HOWA) (Fall 3:32) 

215: Preston Cavalier (WANO) over Thomas Halverson (HOWA) (Fall 0:30) 

285: Brayden Satter (WANO) over (HOWA) (For.) 

106: Gabe Miller (HOWA) over Lane Shanley (WANO) (Fall 1:33) 

113: Kingsten Feldhaus (HOWA) over (WANO) (For.) 

120: Rayin Mansfield (WANO) over (HOWA) (For.) 

126: Double Forfeit 132: Austin Vetter (WANO) over (HOWA) (For.) 

138: Double Forfeit 

144: Double Forfeit 

150: Tate Miller (HOWA) over (WANO) (For.) 

157: Jackson Remmers (HOWA) over Charlie Dulany (WANO) (TF 15-0 2:41) 

165: Weston Remmers (HOWA) over Dustin Dirksen (WANO) (TF 17-2 2:56)

Wessington Springs/Woonsocket/Wolsey-Wessington 42, Howard 34

165: Weston Remmers (HOWA) over Payton Walz (WSWW) (Fall 1:41) 

175: Tyson Eddy (WSWW) over Nolan Mentele (HOWA) (Fall 0:48) 

190: Gabriel Martian (HOWA) over (WSWW) (For.) 

215: Holden Havlik (WSWW) over Thomas Halverson (HOWA) (Fall 0:38) 

285: Brycen Podhradsky (HOWA) over (WSWW) (For.) 

106: Kingsten Feldhaus (HOWA) over Chase Dunsmore (WSWW) (Dec 4-0) 

113: Jacksen Carter (WSWW) over (HOWA) (For.) 

120: Kaydin Carter (WSWW) over (HOWA) (For.) 

126: Aston Hill (WSWW) over (HOWA) (For.) 

132: Hayes Christensen (WSWW) over (HOWA) (For.) 

138: Carson Finn (WSWW) over (HOWA) (For.) 

144: Double Forfeit 150: Tate Miller (HOWA) over (WSWW) (For.) 

157: Jackson Remmers (HOWA) over (WSWW) (For.)

Wessington Springs/Woonsocket/Wolsey-Wessington 45, Warner/Northwestern 22

190: Alex Pudwill (WANO) over (WSWW) (For.) 

215: Holden Havlik (WSWW) over Preston Cavalier (WANO) (Dec 7-3) 

285: Brayden Satter (WANO) over (WSWW) (For.) 

106: Chase Dunsmore (WSWW) over Lane Shanley (WANO) (Fall 0:31) 

113: Jacksen Carter (WSWW) over (WANO) (For.) 

120: Kaydin Carter (WSWW) over (WANO) (For.) 

126: Aston Hill (WSWW) over (WANO) (For.) 

132: Hayes Christensen (WSWW) over Austin Vetter (WANO) (Fall 3:22) 

138: Carson Finn (WSWW) over (WANO) (For.) 

144: Double Forfeit 

150: Double Forfeit 

157: Charlie Dulany (WANO) over (WSWW) (For.) 

165: Dustin Dirksen (WANO) over Payton Walz (WSWW) (MD 16-4) 

175: Tyson Eddy (WSWW) over Chays Mansfield (WANO) (Fall 1:21)

Miller/Highmore-Harrold triangular

Miller/Highmore-Harrold 45, Faulkton Area 18

138: Jordan Schafer (MHH) over Kamryn Rhodes (FAAR) (Fall 1:10) 

144: Kellan Hurd (MHH) over Landon Coyle (FAAR) (Dec 7-4) 

150: Johnny Alpizar (MHH) over (FAAR) (For.) 

157: Ryder Rowland (MHH) over (FAAR) (For.) 

165: Kaleb Sarchet (MHH) over (FAAR) (For.) 

175: Colby Kolda (MHH) over Drake Mueller (FAAR) (Dec 9-4) 

190: Double Forfeit

215: Lincoln Dikoff (FAAR) over (MHH) (For.) 

285: Parker Bode (FAAR) over Mathis Resel (MHH) (Fall 5:14) 

106: Chase Hurd (MHH) over Logan Smith (FAAR) (Fall 1:21) 

113: Sean Roseland (FAAR) over Jaymin VanDerWerff (MHH) (Fall 3:52) 

120: Talon Ping (MHH) over Cash Edgar (FAAR) (Dec 6-1) 

126: Kia McCauley (MHH) over Tucker Baloun (FAAR) (Fall 1:13) 

132: Double Forfeit

Miller/Highmore-Harrold 63, Mobridge-Pollock 12

126: Kia McCauley (MHH) over (MOPO) (For.) 

132: Jordan Schafer (MHH) over Wyatt Wientjes (MOPO) (Dec 17-11) 

138: Kellan Hurd (MHH) over Luke Olson (MOPO) (Fall 2:53) 

144: Kalib Keller (MOPO) over Johnny Alpizar (MHH) (Fall 2:29) 

150: Double Forfeit 

157: Ryder Rowland (MHH) over (MOPO) (For.) 

165: Colby Kolda (MHH) over (MOPO) (For.) 

175: Kaleb Sarchet (MHH) over (MOPO) (For.) 

190: Colby Harrell (MHH) over Mack Saxon (MOPO) (DQ) 

215: Axton Gates (MOPO) over (MHH) (For.) 

285: Mathis Resel (MHH) over Riley Kerner (MOPO) (Fall 4:41) 

106: Chase Hurd (MHH) over (MOPO) (For.) 

113: Jaymin VanDerWerff (MHH) over (MOPO) (For.) 

120: Talon Ping (MHH) over (MOPO) (For.)

Faulkton Area 54, Mobridge-Pollock 6

132: Wyatt Wientjes (MOPO) over (FAAR) (For.) 

138: Kamryn Rhodes (FAAR) over Luke Olson (MOPO) (Fall 1:32) 

144: Landon Coyle (FAAR) over Kalib Keller (MOPO) (Fall 1:22) 

150: Double Forfeit 

190: Drake Mueller (FAAR) over Mack Saxon (MOPO) (Fall 1:18) 

215: Lincoln Dikoff (FAAR) over Axton Gates (MOPO) (Fall 1:07) 

285: Parker Bode (FAAR) over Riley Kerner (MOPO) (Fall 3:21) 

106: Logan Smith (FAAR) over (MOPO) (For.) 

113: Sean Roseland (FAAR) over (MOPO) (For.) 

120: Cash Edgar (FAAR) over (MOPO) (For.) 

126: Tucker Baloun (FAAR) over (MOPO) (For.)

Deuel Quad

Clark/Willow Lake 56, Deuel/Deubrook Area 21

285: Jerome Enboden (CWL) over Allen Wetz (DDA) (Fall 0:49) 

106: Cade Gaikowski (CWL) over Gage Landmark (DDA) (Fall 0:22) 

113: Kaden Wookey (CWL) over Bentley Fokken (DDA) (Fall 0:42) 

120: Cooper Pommer (CWL) over Ryker Gauger (DDA) (TF 16-1 4:03) 

126: Damian Severson (CWL) over Tyson Hagberg (DDA) (Fall 3:43) 

132: Logan Foster (CWL) over Dominic Kluckman (DDA) (Fall 3:38) 

138: Austin Vig (CWL) over Zane Miller (DDA) (Dec 7-3) 

144: Taylor Merkel (CWL) over Owen Shea (DDA) (Fall 1:56) 

150: Matt Batchelor (CWL) over (DDA) (For.) 

157: Jaxon Quail (DDA) over Bryce Klancke (CWL) (Fall 1:26) 

165: Korbin Whiteley (DDA) over Elliot Bratland (CWL) (Dec 9-6) 

175: Josh Kannegieter (CWL) over (DDA) (For.) 

190: Sam Leen (DDA) over Riley Popp (CWL) (Fall 1:12) 

215: Raymond Klein (DDA) over Collin Gaikowski (CWL) (Fall 1:04)

Clark/Willow Lake 66, Hamlin/Castlewood 6

215: Collin Gaikowski (CWL) over (HACA) (For.) 

285: Jerome Enboden (CWL) over (HACA) (For.) 

106: Cade Gaikowski (CWL) over (HACA) (For.) 

113: Brody Randall (HACA) over Cooper Pommer (CWL) (Dec 4-3) 

120: Isaac Johnson (CWL) over Jaden Buchmann (HACA) (Dec 6-2) 

126: Damian Severson (CWL) over (HACA) (For.) 

132: John Yonker (HACA) over Logan Foster (CWL) (Dec 5-2) 

138: Austin Vig (CWL) over (HACA) (For.) 

144: Taylor Merkel (CWL) over Tate Everson (HACA) (Dec 8-5) 

150: Matt Batchelor (CWL) over (HACA) (For.) 

157: Bryce Klancke (CWL) over (HACA) (For.) 

165: Elliot Bratland (CWL) over (HACA) (For.) 

175: Josh Kannegieter (CWL) over (HACA) (For.) 

190: Riley Popp (CWL) over Guillermo Cruz (HACA) (Fall 1:22)

Clark/Willow Lake 66, Sioux Valley 15

106: Cade Gaikowski (CWL) over (SIVA) (For.) 

113: Cooper Pommer (CWL) over (SIVA) (For.) 

120: Isaac Johnson (CWL) over (SIVA) (For.) 

126: Damian Severson (CWL) over (SIVA) (For.) 

132: Tate Steffensen (SIVA) over Logan Foster (CWL) (TF 17-0 4:49) 

138: Austin Vig (CWL) over Vanden Virchow (SIVA) (Fall 1:32) 

144: Taylor Merkel (CWL) over (SIVA) (For.) 

150: Wyatt Hardt (SIVA) over Matt Batchelor (CWL) (Fall 2:30) 

157: Bryce Klancke (CWL) over (SIVA) (For.) 

165: Lincoln Reidburn (CWL) over Harvey Hardt (SIVA) (Fall 1:31) 

175: Elliot Bratland (CWL) over (SIVA) (For.) 

190: Josh Kannegieter (CWL) over Luke Johnson (SIVA) (Fall 0:54) 

215: Riley Popp (CWL) over (SIVA) (For.) 

285: Owen Vandeweerd (SIVA) over Jerome Enboden (CWL) (MD 13-0)

Deuel/Deubrook Area 48, Hamlin/Castlewood 19

106: Gavin Mattson (DDA) over Tommy Mullen (HACA) (Fall 0:28) 

113: Brody Randall (HACA) over Bentley Fokken (DDA) (Fall 0:33) 

120: Jaden Buchmann (HACA) over Ryker Gauger (DDA) (MD 10-1) 

126: Tyson Hagberg (DDA) over (HACA) (For.) 

132: John Yonker (HACA) over Dominic Kluckman (DDA) (Fall 1:36) 

138: Double Forfeit 

144: Tate Everson (HACA) over Zane Miller (DDA) (Dec 6-1) 

150: Owen Shea (DDA) over (HACA) (For.) 

157: Jaxon Quail (DDA) over (HACA) (For.) 

165: Korbin Whiteley (DDA) over (HACA) (For.) 

175: Double Forfeit 

190: Sam Leen (DDA) over Guillermo Cruz (HACA) (Fall 1:22) 

215: Raymond Klein (DDA) over (HACA) (For.) 

285: Allen Wetz (DDA) over (HACA) (For.)

Deuel/Deubrook Area 59, Sioux Valley 15

215: Raymond Klein (DDA) over (SIVA) (For.) 

285: Owen Vandeweerd (SIVA) over Allen Wetz (DDA) (TF 16-1 2:51) 

106: Gage Landmark (DDA) over (SIVA) (For.) 

113: Bentley Fokken (DDA) over (SIVA) (For.) 

120: Ryker Gauger (DDA) over (SIVA) (For.) 

126: Aiden Warren (DDA) over (SIVA) (For.) 

132: Tate Steffensen (SIVA) over Dominic Kluckman (DDA) (TF 15-0 2:00) 

138: Zane Miller (DDA) over Vanden Virchow (SIVA) (Fall 0:41) 

144: Owen Shea (DDA) over (SIVA) (For.) 

150: Wyatt Hardt (SIVA) over Hayden Cooper (DDA) (TF 16-0 2:00) 

157: Double Forfeit 157: Jaxon Quail (DDA) over (SIVA) (For.) 

175: Korbin Whiteley (DDA) over Harvey Hardt (SIVA) (TF 18-2 2:50) 

190: Sam Leen (DDA) over Luke Johnson (SIVA) (Fall 0:44)

Hamlin/Castlewood 36, Sioux Valley 30

285: Owen Vandeweerd (SIVA) over (HACA) (For.) 

106: Tommy Mullen (HACA) over (SIVA) (For.) 

113: Brody Randall (HACA) over (SIVA) (For.) 

120: Jaden Buchmann (HACA) over (SIVA) (For.) 

132: Tate Steffensen (SIVA) over (HACA) (For.) 

138: John Yonker (HACA) over (SIVA) (For.) 

144: Tate Everson (HACA) over Vanden Virchow (SIVA) (Fall 1:08) 

150: Tyson Norgaard (SIVA) over (HACA) (For.) 

157: Wyatt Hardt (SIVA) over (HACA) (For.) 

165: Harvey Hardt (SIVA) over (HACA) (For.) 

190: Guillermo Cruz (HACA) over Luke Johnson (SIVA) (Fall 4:54) 

Douglas quad

Philip Area 39, Rapid City Central 27

126: Ryan Tschetter (RCC) over Kason Barry (PKAW) (Dec 10-4) 

132: Luther Morrison (RCC) over Asher Peterson (PKAW) (MD 13-0) 

138: Adrian Good Iron (RCC) over Oakley Menzel (PKAW) (Dec 6-2) 

144: Latham Gabriel (PKAW) over Dalton Rostad (RCC) (Dec 4-2) 

150: Jace Blasius (PKAW) over Jacoby Parker (RCC) (MD 11-3) 

157: Ryker Peterson (PKAW) over Zach Green (RCC) (Fall 1:39) 

165: Thane Simons (PKAW) over Zack Soderlin (RCC) (Dec 14-10) 

175: Burk Blasius (PKAW) over Hoyt Anderson (RCC) (Fall 2:21) 

190: Quinn Moon (PKAW) over Mason Lahoe (RCC) (Fall 0:57) 

215: Jensen Fitch (PKAW) over Alex Wells (RCC) (TF 15-0 3:06) 

285: Kane Wirkus (RCC) over Patrick Trask (PKAW) (Fall 3:42) 

106: Pierce Hurd (RCC) over Gatlin Cordes (PKAW) (TF 16-1 4:16)

113: Aden Candelaria (RCC) over Shay Weber (PKAW) (Fall 3:08) 

120: Tukker Boe (PKAW) over Connor Salazar (RCC) (Fall 1:46)

Philip Area 62, Spearfish 14

132: Parker Graveman (SPEA) over Oakley Menzel (PKAW) (TF 16-1 4:17) 

132: Kason Barry (PKAW) over McAmis Conklin (SPEA) (Fall 2:29) 

138: Jacob Foster (SPEA) over Rayler Fitch (PKAW) (Fall 4:27) 

144: Latham Gabriel (PKAW) over Mick Bosh (SPEA) (MD 10-0) 

150: Jace Blasius (PKAW) over Dominick Mills (SPEA) (TF 16-1 3:30) 

157: Ryker Peterson (PKAW) over Aiden Kracht (SPEA) (Fall 0:57) 

165: Kale Crowser (PKAW) over (SPEA) (For.) 

175: Burk Blasius (PKAW) over (SPEA) (For.) 

190: Quinn Moon (PKAW) over Alex Marich (SPEA) (TF 17-1 5:48) 

215: Jensen Fitch (PKAW) over (SPEA) (For.) 

285: Patrick Trask (PKAW) over Alex Cudmore (SPEA) (Dec 9-2) 

106: Gatlin Cordes (PKAW) over (SPEA) (For.) 

113: Michael Zoller (SPEA) over Jerrett Hutchinson (PKAW) (Dec 12-6) 

120: Tukker Boe (PKAW) over John Jeffery (SPEA) (Dec 6-2) 

126: Asher Peterson (PKAW) over Mason Schmitz (SPEA) (Fall 5:02)

Douglas/Rapid City Christian/New Underwood 48, Spearfish 27

126: Alejandro Martinez (DRCC) over Mason Schmitz (SPEA) (Fall 3:32) 

132: Parker Graveman (SPEA) over Alden Laden (DRCC) (Fall 3:28) 

138: Jacob Foster (SPEA) over Bobby Nelson (DRCC) (Fall 2:26) 

144: Paiden Sandal (DRCC) over Mick Bosh (SPEA) (Fall 4:56) 

150: Dominick Mills (SPEA) over William Thompson (DRCC) (Fall 1:54) 

157: Aiden Russell (DRCC) over Aiden Kracht (SPEA) (Fall 3:48) 

165: Casen Tibbetts (DRCC) over Jacob Ellingson (SPEA) (Dec 7-2) 

175: Kannon Shay (DRCC) over (SPEA) (For.) 

190: Alex Marich (SPEA) over Jake Canaday (DRCC) (Dec 4-3) 

215: Sylvan Kent (DRCC) over (SPEA) (For.)

285: Lucas Giersberg (DRCC) over Alex Cudmore (SPEA) (Dec 5-1) 

106: Tommy Studt (DRCC) over (SPEA) (For.) 

113: Coy Eddy (DRCC) over (SPEA) (For.) 

120: John Jeffery (SPEA) over Aziah Dominguez (DRCC) (Fall 1:42)

Harrisburg 60, Huron 10

106: Griffin Felder (HARR) over Carter Nelson (HURO) (Dec 3-1) 

113: Tristan Stoeser (HARR) over (HURO) (For.) 

120: Myles Kettwig (HARR) over Crayton Siedschlag (HURO) (Fall 4:45) 

126: Steven Lamont (HARR) over Brady Meyer (HURO) (Fall 4:47) 

132: Tyler Wurth (HARR) over (HURO) (For.) 

138: Emory Johnson (HARR) over Teagan Lien (HURO) (Fall 1:48) 

144: Brady Larson (HARR) over Aiden Airheart (HURO) (Fall 1:21) 

150: Moses Gross (HURO) over Dylan Johnson (HARR) (Fall 1:51) 

157: Teegen Stauffacher (HARR) over Griffin Storm (HURO) (Fall 1:03) 

165: Double Forfeit 

175: Logan O`Connor (HARR) over Shar Ler Moo Ser (HURO) (Fall 2:13) 

190: Soren Aadland (HARR) over Domonic Prola (HURO) (Fall 2:46) 

215: Bryan Ramirez (HURO) over Nile Laake (HARR) (Fall 1:21)

285: Rizg Osman (HARR) over Jackson Reno (HURO) (Dec 14-8)

Sturgis 69, Belle Fourche 6

132: Dee Daniels (STBR) over (BEFO) (For.) 

138: Riley Dighton (BEFO) over Beau Peters (STBR) (Fall 5:23) 

144: Kalvin Ketelsen (STBR) over Clifford Torberson (BEFO) (Fall 0:40) 

150: Cade Willnerd (STBR) over Peyton Alexander (BEFO) (Dec 6-5) 

157: Zhoel Irion (STBR) over Owyn Schreder (BEFO) (Dec 7-1) 

165: Preston Ray (STBR) over Jory Olson (BEFO) (Fall 1:14) 

175: Kelson Dirk (STBR) over Spencer Bush-Graslie (BEFO) (Fall 3:45) 

190: Aiden Werlinger (STBR) over Gabriel Ziething (BEFO) (Fall 1:40) 

215: Zak Juelfs (STBR) over Lucas Tonsager (BEFO) (Fall 4:18) 

285: Dakarai Osborne (STBR) over Mason Nehl (BEFO) (Fall 3:16) 

106: Mason Hagen (STBR) over Caden Swaney (BEFO) (Fall 1:38) 

113: Trik Elshere (STBR) over Teedin Humble (BEFO) (Fall 1:41) 

120: Jake Price (STBR) over Garet Huston (BEFO) (Dec 5-2) 

126: Tegan Zebroski (STBR) over Koby Bowden (BEFO) (Fall 1:23)